The Study of Shell Middens in Archaeology

One type of site that some archaeologists love to investigate is the shell midden or kitchen midden. A shell midden is a heap of clam, oyster, whelk, or mussel shells, obviously, but unlike other types of sites, it is the result of a clearly recognizable single-activity event. Other kinds of sites, such as campsites, villages, farmsteads, and rock shelters, have their attractions, but a shell midden was created by and large for one purpose: dinner. Diets and Shell Middens Shell middens are found throughout the world, on coastlines, near lagoons, and tidewater flats, along major rivers, in small streams, wherever some variety of shellfish is found. Although shell middens also date from pretty much all of prehistory, many shell middens date to the Late Archaic or (in the old world) Late Mesolithic periods. The Late Archaic and European Mesolithic periods (around 4,000-10000 years ago, depending on where youre at in the world) were interesting times. People were still essentially hunter-gatherers, but by then were settling down, reducing their territories, focusing on a broader range of food and living resources. One often used way to diversify the diet was to depend on shellfish as a reasonably easy to obtain food source. Of course, as Johnny Hart once said, â€Å"the bravest man I ever saw was the first to devour an oyster, raw†. Studying Shell Middens According to Glyn Daniel in his great history 150 Years of Archaeology, shell middens were first explicitly identified as archaeological in context (i.e., built by humans, not other animals) during the mid-nineteenth century in Denmark. In 1843, the Royal Academy of Copenhagen led by archaeologist J.J. Worsaee, geologist Johann Georg Forchhammer, and zoologist Japetus Steenstrup proved that the shell heaps (called Kjoekken moedding in Danish) were, in fact, cultural deposits. Archaeologists have studied shell middens for all kinds of reasons. Studies have included Calculating how much dietary meat there is in a clam (only a few grams in comparison to the weight of the shell),Food processing methods (steamed, baked, dried),Archaeological processing methods (sampling strategies vs. counting the entire midden--which nobody in their right mind would do),Seasonality (what time of year and how often were clambakes held),Other purposes for the shell mounds (living areas, burial sites). Not all shell middens are cultural; not all cultural shell middens are solely the remnants of a clambake. One of my favorite shell midden articles is Lynn Ceci’s 1984 paper in World Archaeology. Ceci described a series of weird donut-shaped shell middens, consisting of prehistoric pottery and artifacts and shell located on hillsides in New England. She figured out that they were, in fact, evidence of early Euro-American settlers reusing prehistoric shell deposits as fertilizer for apple orchards. The hole in the middle was where the apple tree stood! Shell Middens Through Time The oldest shell middens in the world are about 140,000 years old, from the Middle Stone Age of South Africa, at sites like Blombos Cave. There are fairly recent shell middens in Australia, within the last couple hundred years anyway, and the most recent shell middens in the United States that I’m aware of date to the late 19th century and early 20th century AD when the shell button industry was in progress along the Mississippi River. You can still find heaps of freshwater mussel shells with several holes punched out of them lying along the bigger rivers of the American midwest. The industry nearly obliterated the freshwater mussel population until plastics and international trade put it out of business. Sources Ainis AF, Vellanoweth RL, Lapeà ±a QG, and Thornber CS. 2014. Using non-dietary gastropods in coastal shell middens to infer kelp and seagrass harvesting and paleoenvironmental conditions. Journal of Archaeological Science 49:343-360. Biagi P. 2013. The shell middens of Las Bela coast and the Indus delta (Arabian Sea, Pakistan). Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 24(1):9-14. Boivin N, and Fuller D. 2009. Shell Middens,. Journal of World Prehistory 22(2):113-180.and Seeds: Exploring Coastal Subsistence, Maritime Trade and the Dispersal of Domesticates in and Around the Ancient Arabian PeninsulaShips Choy K, and Richards M. 2010. Isotopic evidence for diet in the Middle Chulmun period: a case study from the Tongsamdong shell midden, Korea. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 2(1):1-10. Foster M, Mitchell D, Huckleberry G, Dettman D, and Adams K. 2012. Archaic Period Shell Middens, Sea-Level Fluctuation, and Seasonality: Archaeology along the Northern Gulf of California Littoral, Sonora, Mexico. American Antiquity 77(4):756-772. Habu J, Matsui A, Yamamoto N, and Kanno T. 2011. Shell midden archaeology in Japan: Aquatic food acquisition and long-term change in the Jomon culture. Quaternary International 239(1-2):19-27. Jerardino A. 2010. Large shell middens in Lamberts Bay, South Africa: a case of hunter-gatherer resource intensification. Journal of Archaeological Science 37(9):2291-2302. Jerardino A, and Navarro R. 2002. Cape Rock Lobster (Jasus lalandii) Remains from South African West Coast Shell Middens: Preservational Factors and Possible Bias. Journal of Archaeological Science 29(9):993-999. Saunders R, and Russo M. 2011. Coastal shell middens in Florida: A view from the Archaic period. Quaternary International 239(1–2):38-50. Virgin K. 2011. The SB-4-6 shell midden assemblage: a shell midden analysis from a late prehistoric village site at Pamua on Makira, southeast Solomon Islands [Honors]. Sydney, Australia: University of Sydney.

Southern Tradition in A Rose for Emily - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 951 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/04/15 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: A Rose For Emily Essay Did you like this example? The tradition of the old south is very prevalent in the story of A Rose for Emily. It is the tradition of the people of the town that forces them to hold Emily in a very high regard because her father was a civil war hero. The town may not want to hold her above themselves but they have to because of the code of duty in the old south. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Southern Tradition in A Rose for Emily" essay for you Create order Faulkner also uses the sense of the importance of privacy to great affect as the narrator hints towards knowing that there was some suspicious activity between Homer and Emily, like the fact that Emily gave no particular reason why she needed arsenic when she went to the druggist. There is also the tradition that people did not marry below their class in the old south and this shows when we learn that Emilys father had turned away a number of suitors for her because they were not good enough. It is also shown when Emily starts to form a relationship with a carpenter from the north, the townspeople are a bit shocked because of this. Some traditions from the old south have gone away like the sense of duty towards those of better class than you but some remain like the respect for privacy or the dont ask dont tell mentality. Faulkner uses very dark overtone or mood in the short story, A Barron would be in the center of the group. Presently we began to see him and Miss Emily on Sunday a fternoons driving in the yellow-wheeled buggy and the matched team of bays from the livery stable. This shows the flirtatious or coquettish nature of how Emily felt about homer even if homer didnt feel the same. Another word that might be used to describe the book is the word impervious, which is an adjective that means unable to be affected by. Emily could be described as impervious in the story, faulkner writes, Her voice was dry and cold. I have no taxes in Jefferson. Colonel Sartoris explained it to me. Perhaps one of you can gain access to the city records and satisfy yourselves.. Emily will not be affected by the town of Jefferson and does not allow the city to tax her. Finally Perverse is a word that one could use to describe the tone of the story. Perverse is a word that means showing a deliberate and obstinate desire to behave in a way that is unreasonable or unacceptable, often in spite of the consequences. in the final paragraph Faulkner writes Then we noticed that in the second pillow was the indentation of a head. One of us lifted something from it, and leaning forward, that faint and invisible dust dry and acrid in the nostrils, we saw a long strand of iron-gray hair.. This sh ows that Emily was presumably performing the perverse action of sleeping with the corpse of Homer. Burduck, Michael L. Another View of Faulkners Narrator in A Rose for Emily. Literature Resource Center, Gale, 2018. Literature Resource Center, https://link.galegroup.com.ezp.mesacc.edu/apps/doc/H1420022908/LitRC?u=mcc_mesasid=Lit RCxid=4b26c162. Accessed 29 Sept. 2018. Originally published in The University of Mississippi Studies in English, vol. 8, 1990, pp. 209-211. Burduck writes in his article about the possibility that the narrator of the story is a woman instead of a man which is usually presumed. He writes about how reading the story knowing the narrator is a woman gives an interesting perspective of the story. He writes about how the men in the town do not care as much as the women do about emily and her story and so the narrator is trying to make sure that the story is not forgotten. Thomas Klein . The Ghostly Voice of Gossip in Faulkners A ROSE FOR EMILY. The Explicator, Volume 65, Number 4 (July 2007), pp. 229-232, Klein writes in his article about the narrator and the choice to avoid identifying his or her own gender. He writes that the use of the plural we or how the narrators use of The men or The women in telling the story of Emily hides the true nature of the narrators gender. Klein also writes about how the narrator avoids showing favoritism to either the women or men of the town as well as avoiding favoritism to the generations of the town as in the younger generation that tries to force emily to pay her taxes and the older generation that gave her exemption. Nick Melczarek . Narrative Motivation in Faulkners A ROSE FOR EMILY. The Explicator, Volume 67, Number 4 (September 2009), pp. 237-243, Melczarek writes about a perspective of looking at how faulkner uses the narrator not necessarily for psychological effect that is in theme with the perverse and horror nature o f the stary. Melczarek writes about the potential of the narrator to symbolize the way of thinking in the south and how the narrator may have known about the murder of homer and was complicit in that knowledge. Moore, Gene M. Of the Time and Its Mathematical Progression.. Studies in Short Fiction, vol. 29, no. 2, Spring 1992, p. 195. EBSCOhost, login.ezp.mesacc.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=aphA N=9705052047site=ehost-live. Moore writes about the chronology of faulkners A Rose for Emily. He begins by writing and summarizing the opinions of others that have read and written about the chronology of the short story. The examples of writing that moore quotes talk about how Faulkner destroys chronological time in his story Moore then goes to write about how the dates given in the short story are important to the chronology of the story and is important to understanding the story.

Significance of Godbole in Passage to India - 1463 Words

In E. M. Forster’s A Passage to India, the reader experiences multiple layers within the novel beginning with the structure, the focus on relationships, and the characters. The author makes a concerted effort throughout the novel to build a bridge between Western and Eastern societies by using the characters to demonstrate the deep differences in the cultures. For the reader, unfamiliarity with Indian culture may pose some issues in interpreting and understanding behaviors and roles within the text. One character in particular, Professor Godbole, enhances the mystery of the contrasting societies because he seems to not notice the feelings of other people. That is in contrast to his high position in the Indian caste system. As a Hindu†¦show more content†¦This layer of the novel is preparing the reader to see the trial from a religious aspect. The Sparknotes editors point out that â€Å"the reader is left to imagine that if Fielding and Godbole had been able to accompany Aziz and the women as they had planned, the terrible and confusing incidents that befall the members of the party at the Marabar Caves might never have occurred.† Culture and religion continually make Godbole a major focus of the novel. According to The Review of English Studies, Godbole as a character is possibly named for an actual person the author met on his travels to India. The translation of the name Godbole is associated with music and actually means â€Å"sweet-tongued†. Godbole the character has a unique view of situations and speaks in such a way that he represents both sides of any situation as his belief that fate determines the outcome of all situations. Godbole’s philosophy of: â€Å"Good and evil are different, as their names imply. But, in my own humble opinion, they are both aspects of my Lord. He is present in the one, absent in the other, and the difference between presence and absence is great, as great as my feeble mind ca n grasp. Yet absence implies presence, absence is not non-existence, and we are there for entitled to repeat, ‘Come, come, come, come.† Although this sounds confusing and on the surface doesn’t seem to make sense, Godbole points out there is another way to look atShow MoreRelated The Important Role of the Marabar Caves in A Passage to India2630 Words   |  11 PagesThe Important Role of the Marabar Caves in A Passage to India      Ã‚  Ã‚   During the fourteen years that followed the publication of Howards End, Edward Morgan Forster underwent a harsh mood change that culminated in the publication of A Passage to India, Forsters bitterest book (Shusterman 159).   Forster was not alone in his transition to a harsher tone in his fiction.   A Passage to India was written in the era that followed the First World War.   George Thomson writes

Film Review The Movie 300 Directed By Zack Syndar

The movie 300 directed by Zack Syndar starring Gerrald Butler as King Leonidas and Lena Headey as Queen Gorgo in an inspirational film around a historic story shown in excellent cinematography. While in many ways it is different in the movie to real life, it is still a historic fiction because it has added to the events to create a cohesive story. Within the first opening scenes, the brutality of the film begins. The feelings that rushed through my mind were that of pain and awe. The ways that the stories of Spartans last days are portrayed are incredible as if you were a ghost from the future reliving the pain that these courageous soldiers went through. Syndar’s goal was clearly to bring the suffering of the 300 men home to the viewer†¦show more content†¦the boy was taken from his mother and plunged into a world of violence. Manufactured by 300 years of Spartan warrior society†¦ ... to create the finest soldiers the world has ever known. The agoge, as it s called forces the boy to fight. Starves them, forces them to steal†¦ ... and if necessary, to kill. Men who were weak weren t accepted into the spartan army. The point of making it through all of the sufferings was because when it came to war only the fittest would survive. In every battle, the most physically fit would see the battle on both sides of the war. Even if that person that was larger completed all the tasks that the fittest did. The reason behind this is that the larger people can t work in the field of battle to the strategy that the either side fits. The 300 Spartans fought as a unit protecting the man on either side of you was your inspirations to be successful. Keeping that person alive was the backbone of the spartan army. Without having soldiers fit enough to take care of each other it would definitely lead to a different outcome in a battle or war. However, there is one man that stands as an outcast because of his physical aspects. Ephialtes, a deformed Spartan whose parents fled Sparta to spare him certain infanticide. Ephialtes asks to redeem his father s name by joining Leonidas army, warning him of a secret goat path the Persians could use to outflank and surround the Spartans. Though sympathetic, Leonidas rejects him since his deformity

On December 7, 1941, the Japanese attacked the Uni Essay Example For Students

On December 7, 1941, the Japanese attacked the Uni Essay ted States Naval facility at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii. 19 ships were sunk, 2,335 servicemen lost their lives, and, afterwards, the United States declared war on Japan, and her allies Germany and Italy. However, another great loss occurred on United States soilthe imprisonment of 120,000 people, 2/3 of whom were United States citizens. The Japanese Internment, the name of this mistake, was illegal, unconstitutional, and an act of nothing more than severe prejudice and paranoia.Shiros parents, Hachizo and Tsuru Nomora, were Issei, people of Japan who immigrated to America to better their lives. The Namoras couldnt become US citizens because the Naturalization Act of 1790 didnt include Asians. The children of the Issei were called Neisi, who were automatically US citizens because they were born here. In 1905, they moved to Berkeley, CA. Hachizo grew fruits and vegetables on a leased farm. He would sell his crop to local stores for low prices. The Japanese were talented at farming and whites complained about how hard it was to compete. The San Francisco Chronicle headlined Brown Artisans steal Brains of Whites, The Yellow Peril-How the Japanese crowd out the White Race. In October 1906, the San Francisco board of education segregated 93 Japanese kids in Chinatown.The Alien Land Law of 1923 was passed, banning all purchase of land by Issei, and allowed them to rent for only 3 years.The Immigration Act of 1924 ended all immigration of !Japanese. By now the Nomoras established a successful farm, and a family. Tsuru gave berth to Shuigeru and Sadae. In 1923, Berkeley had a large fire and the Nomoras decided to move to Keystone, a suburb of Los Angeles. Around this time, Shiro was born. At Banning High School, Shiro (who shortened his name to Shi) played baseball, football, and track. Shi recalls, I was a girl chaser, all I thought about was girls and sports. In 1940, he met Emiko (who adopted the name Amy) Hattori. Shi wanted to propose to her at the end of the school year, but was hit in the head by a shot-put and spent 6 months in a hospital. In August of 1941, Shi and Amy went to the annual Neisi Festival. At the festival, a singer on stage caught Shis eyes. Four months later Pearl Harbor was bombed. Shis hopes of meeting the singer, marrying Amy, or finishing high school were put on hold. December 6, 1941, Shi was driving Amy home when he was hit from behind. After multiple victories in the pacific, military officials were worried that if the Japanese reached the West Coast, Issei and Neisi would aid them. Lt. General DeWitt was very influential in the Japanese-evacuation movement. According to the Roberts report, HawaiianJapanese farmers were making arrows on their land pointing to Pearl Harbor. In Seattle, there were rumors of a flaming arrow (workers burning brush) pointing towards the city. Japanese farmers in California used paper to protect crops from frost. There were rumors of white cloth covering crops pointing to a nearby airplane plant. Students studied German at the University of California to meet the Foreign Language requirement. They must have been spies. In January of 1942 the FBI and the FCC found no evidence of sabotage. However DeWitt and a variety of newspapers stated that if no evidence was found, that proved the Japanese real!ly were saboteurs. Time and Look Magazines published articles on how to tell Japs from your friends. In LA times it read A viper is a viper wherever the egg is hatched The Nisei became desperate and tried to shed as much of their heritage as possible. Ceramics that were family heirlooms were dumped in the streets. Priceless diaries, photos, letters, and other written treasures that happened to be written in Japanese were burned. Mary Kageyana remembers burning her mothers sheet music, We had to do it because they would not know what it said. They might have thought it was code or something. By February 9, DeWitt banned Japanese from 133 strategic areas in California. By mid February, the California coast had been dubbed Restricted Area Number 1. DeWitt suggested Japanese voluntarily move inland. 4,000 did, and weeks later DeWitt prohibited Japanese from leaving the West Coast. On February 13, 1942, DeWitt recommended the evacuation of all Japanese form t!he West Coast. A Jap is a Jap, said DeWitt. It makes no difference if hes an American. With no knowledge of Japanese-Americans living in America, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt bought into the claims made by the military, media, and California Congressmen, and signed Executive Order 9066, granting military authority over the evacuation of any person deemed an enemy of the United States. On March 2, DeWitt announced the evacuation of all Japanese-Americans, regardless of citizenship.Amid the growing hate and violence, Shis real white friends remained at his side. The Japanese were refused admittance to theaters, skate rinks, and public parks. Some were fired from jobs they had been working at for 30 years. With little time before they had to evacuate, the Japanese community was in panic. Japanese-owned stores sold their produce at very low prices and whites rushed to Japanese neighborhoods for good buys. Shi recalls, They swarmed like locusts through Japanese areas, cheating, stealing, and threatening to buy belongings for almost nothing. New washers went for $5. A 26-room hotel was sold for $500, the Ruth Hotel worth $6000 was sold for $600. Shi and his family moved to his Aunts house in Los Angeles. Wffrfrg Essay Shi was granted clearance on May 14, 1943. Now what was I going to do? he wondered. I had been drafted, but my medical records from the shot-put accident made me ineligible to serve. When I notified Amy of my clearance, she immediately requested permission for my admission to AmacheI felt it would never work out. But seeing other people leaving Manzanar to be reunited with their loved ones made me realize that my first duty was to Amy. Shi left for Colorado in June 1943 with a diamond engagement ring paid for by his savings and a lone by his father. Shi entered the Amache camp, and the guards failed to find the ring he carried through in his mouth. Shi said, I told her I loved her and I proposed marriage, but she said she was having too much fun playing the field and she said no. With tears in my eyes, I threw the ring in the desert and said goodbye. Shi reenlisted in the furlough program and worked at an icehouse. In August 1943, Shi returned to Manzanar and worked as a sportswriter on the Manzanar Free Press, and worked with Dr. Robert Emerson, who was experimenting with new ways of making rubber. Shis final months in the camp were spent playing sports. Then one day strolling with his friends, he heard a beautiful voice that belonged to the person he heard at the Nisei Festival two years ago. It belonged to Mary Kageyama. They fell in love and in February of 1945, Shi proposed marriage and Mary !accepted. By 1944 there was no longer a military necessity for internment. On December 17, 1944, President Roosevelt rescinded DeWitts mass exclusion order. In January of 1945, the War Relocation Authority announced that the camps would be closed by the end of the year. The internment was over. Without a thank you or apology, or compensation for the losses, the internees had to once again face a hostile country.Anti-Japanese organizations sprouted like No Japs Inc. in San Diego. One of the saddest accounts of postwar treatment was from Senator Daniel Inouye. He was a captain in the army, and had recently been released from a hospital recovering from war wounds. He decided to get a haircut. Are you Chinese? the man said to me. I looked past him at the three empty chairs. The other two barbers watching us closely. Im an American, I said. Are you Chinese? I think you know where my father was born. My father was born in Japan. Im an American. Deep in my gut I knew!what was coming. Dont give me that American stuff he said swiftly. Youre a Jap and we dont cut Jap hair. I wanted to hit him There I stood, in full uniform, the new captains bars on my shoulder, four rows of ribbons on my chest, the combat infantry badge, the distinguished unit citations-and a hook where my hand should be. And he didnt cut Jap hair. To think that I had gone through the war to save his skin-and he didnt cut Jap hair. A post war survey showed 80% of the privately stored goods by the Japanese were rifled, stolen, or sold. One survey placed the amount losses and damage from 1942-45 by the Japanese-Americans at $6.2 billion in current dollars. In 1980 Congress started a committee to investigate Executive Order 9066, and the committee found no moral or legal basis for the internment. In 1987 the Supreme Court declared the internment unconstitutional. In 1947 Amy married Tatsumi Mizutani. She became a bilingual teacher for the Cypress school district. She and Tat have 5 kids and 5 grandchildren. Shi married Mary in June of 1945. Shi successfully ran his own fish market and grocery store until 1986, when he retired. Shi and Mary have 5 kids and 11 grandchildren. In 1954, Hachizo became a naturalized citizen. In October 1990, Shi received $20,000 and a letter of apology from President Bush stating: A monetary sum and words alone cannot restore the lost years or erase the painful memories; neither can they fully convey our Nations resolve to rectify injustice and to uphold the rights of individuals. We can never fully right the wrongs of the past. But we can take a clear stand for justice and recognize that serious injustices were done to Japanese Americans during World War II. The Japanese Internment, the name of this mistake, was illegal, unconstitutional, and an act of nothing more than severe prejudice and paranoia. Among the many rights that were broken include: the right to a trial, the right to have the assistance of legal council, and the right to an impartial jury. The constitution also states that no state shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States. In other words the internees were arrested and imprisoned without due process. From his retirement home in Garden Grove, CA, Shi said, One of the greatest things about America is that it admits its mistakesthis is what America is all about; tolerating different cultures, accepting people who look different. America is a nation of immigrants from all over the world, and they have made America the greatest nation in the world. When anyone sees a person of Japanese ancestry living in the United States they should think American and only afterward Japan!ese. That is the American way.

Deforestation Persuasive Essay free essay sample

According to CBBC Newsround, it is estimated that seven and a half million acres of rainforests are being cut down each year. If everyone started planting trees, we could end deforestation. There are many causes of it, impacts, and alternatives to deforestation. First of all, there are a lot of causes of deforestation. According to the World Wildlife Fund, illegal logging plays a key role in it. When illegal logging happens it depresses the price of timber worldwide, which disadvantages companies that abide by the law. When farmers need more land for cattle ranching or soya fields, they usually just chop down more trees to get more acres for fields or pastures. Another cause of deforestation is hydroelectric dams. According to How Stuff Works, the workers building these dams flood acres of land, which causes decomposition and release of greenhouse gases. Furthermore, deforestation impacts the Earth in a lot of ways. We will write a custom essay sample on Deforestation Persuasive Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It causes soil erosion; it reduces biodiversity, and global warming. According to World Wildlife Fund, agricultural plants that often replace the trees cannot hold onto the soil, and as fertile soil washes away, the farmers move on and clear more land. The soil becomes less fertile, and the unprotected area gets dried up and becomes compacted. When people destroy forests, it disrupts animals and people’s lives causing them to find new homes. Deforestation can also cause global warming. When people cut down trees, more carbon dioxide is in the air; more carbon dioxide increases greenhouse gases, and leads to global warming. However, there are also many alternatives to cutting down millions and billions of trees each year. Businesses can ban the sales of valuable wood. People can use non-timber products, such as rubber or Brazilian nuts. Farmers can use a mixture of different crops and trees. According to CBBC Newsround, the variety helps prevent insect damage and soil erosion; it helps maintain soil fertility. Lastly, there are many causes of deforestation, impacts, and a lot of alternatives to it. Look at where the products come from before buying timber or other products. If everyone started using non-timber products we could stop deforestation.